[1-3] What are the top schools in AI?

The answer to this question is not intended to be a ranking and should
not be interpreted as such. There are several major problems with
ratings like the Gourman Report and the US News and World Report. Such
rankings are often unsubstantiated and anecdotal, their accuracy is
questionable, and they do not focus on the subfields of an area. When
selecting a graduate school, students should look for schools which
not only have excellent programs in their general area of research
but also at least one faculty member whose research interests mesh
well with the student's. Accordingly, we've broken down this list
according to topic, and sorted the schools within each topic in
ALPHABETICAL ORDER. 

For a school to be added to a topic area, there should at least two
faculty actively conducting research in that area and the school
should have a "good" reputation in that area. Exceptions are made for
schools which only have one faculty member in the area, but that
professor is a "leader" of the area, or for fields where the total
number of people working in the area is small in the first place. The
general idea behind these criteria is to ensure that a school has
enough activity in the area that a student who considers one of these
schools won't be disappointed if one of the faculty in that area is on
sabbatical or isn't taking students. Note that the research need not
be conducted in the school's computer science department for the
school to be listed -- in some cases we've included schools where the
research is being conducted in a different department or special laboratory.

The best way for students to discover which schools are good in a
field is to ask professors (and graduate students) in their
undergraduate school for suggestions on where to apply. Reading the
research journals in the field is another good method (see part 3 of
the FAQ).

A genealogy of AI thesis-advising relationships is available by
anonymous ftp as 
   cs.ucsd.edu:/pub/rik/aigen.rpt
Although intended to complement citation analysis and free-text
information retrieval as tools for understanding the AI community and
their connections to other disciplines, it may be useful to
prospective graduate students. For example, it may help you understand
the historical context of a given professor's perspective.  2,600 MS
and PhD theses have been tabulated so far.  If you'd like to
contribute additional listings (including year, title, abstract,
school, advisor, committee members, and subsequent employment), write
to Rik Belew <rik@cs.ucsd.edu> or fax 619-534-7029, for the
questionnaire. A copy of the questionaire and more information is
available in 
   cs.ucsd.edu:/pub/rik/announce.t

A list of email addresses for CS departments is posted once a month to
the newsgroup soc.college.gradinfo.

The Association for Computational Linguistics publishes a directory of
graduate programs in Computational Linguistics ($15 for members, $30
for others). It includes several useful indices (e.g., index of
faculty and a list of references). Contact Association for
Computational Linguistics, Walker, C. N. 925, Bernardsville, NJ
07924-0925, phone/fax 908-204-1337, or send email to acl@bellcore.com.

NOTE THAT THIS LIST IS PRELIMINARY AND BY NO MEANS COMPLETE.

Please feel free to suggest schools that are particularly strong in
any of these areas, or to suggest new areas to be listed.

Schools with excellent programs in most fields:
   Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
   MIT
   Stanford

   Georgia Tech
   Imperial College
   Indiana
   Institute for the Learning Sciences, Northwestern University (ILS) 
   Johns Hopkins University
   Maryland
   Rutgers
   SUNY/Buffalo
   Toronto
   UC/Berkeley
   UCLA
   Univ. of Edinburgh
   Univ. of Illinois/Urbana-Champaign (UIUC)
   Univ. of Maryland/College Park
   Univ. of Massachusetts/Amherst
   Univ. of Michigan
   Univ. of Pennsylvania
   Univ. of Pittsburgh
   Univ. of Rochester
   Univ. of Southern California & USC/Information Sciences Institute
   Univ. of Sussex, School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences
   Univ. of Texas/Austin
   Yale

Universities with 2 or more AAAI Fellows:

   Note: Some Fellows have changed their affiliation since being named,
         so this list isn't completely accurate.

   12  MIT
   11  Stanford University 
   10  Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
    6  Univ. of Massachusetts
    5  Univ. of Toronto
    5  Univ. of Texas at Austin
    5  Univ. of Pennsylvania
    5  Rutgers 
    3  Northwestern
    3  UCLA
    3  Univ. of Edinburgh 
    3  Univ. of Illinois 
    3  Univ. of Maryland
    3  Univ. of Southern California (USC) 
    3  USC/Information Sciences Institute 
    2  Brown University
    2  Duke University
    2  Harvard 
    2  Univ. of California, Berkeley 
    2  Univ. of Pittsburgh
    2  Univ. of Rochester 
    2  Univ. of Sydney

   Universities with only one AAAI Fellow include: Columbia University,
   George Mason, Georgia Tech, Imperial College, New Mexico State, Ohio
   State, Oregon State University, Oxford, P. and M. Curie University,
   SUNY/Binghamton, SUNY/Buffalo, Saint Joseph, San Jose State, Syracuse,
   Tufts, UC Irvine, UC/Santa Cruz, UCSD, Univ. of Birmingham, Univ. of
   British Columbia, Univ. of Cambridge, Univ. of Linkoeping, Univ. of
   Marseille, Univ. of Minnesota, Univ. of Sussex, Wellesley, Yale

   The full list of AAAI Fellows and their affiliations is available
   by anonymous ftp as
       ftp.cs.cmu.edu:/user/ai/pubs/faqs/ai/aifellow.txt

AI and Manufacturing:
   Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) -- CIMDS
   Univ. of Maryland/College Park
   Univ. of Toronto
   
AI and Medicine:
   MIT
   Stanford
   Univ. of Pittsburgh
   Univ. of Birmingham England (School of Computer Science)

AI and Legal Reasoning:
   Imperial College
   Univ. of Massachusetts/Amherst

Artificial Life:
   MIT (Brooks' mobots)
   NYU
   Santa Fe Institute (SFI)
   Stanford
   UC Santa Cruz
   UCLA
   UCSD
   Univ. of Birmingham England (School of Computer Science)
   Univ. of Delaware
   Univ. of Sussex, School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences

Automated Deduction/Theorem Proving:
   Imperial College
   Stanford
   Univ. of Edinburgh
   Univ. of Oregon
   Univ. of Texas/Austin

Case-Based Reasoning/Analogical Reasoning:
   Chicago
   Georgia Tech
   Institute for the Learning Sciences, Northwestern University (ILS) 
   Univ. of Massachusetts/Amherst
   Univ. of Pittsburgh

Cognitive Modelling:
   Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
   Georgia Tech
   Indiana
   SUNY Buffalo
   Univ. of Birmingham England (School of Computer Science)
   Univ. of Maryland/College Park
   Univ. of Michigan

Cognitive Science:
   Brown University
   Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
   Georgia Tech
   Indiana University/Bloomington
   Johns Hopkins
   MIT
   Princeton
   Rutgers
   SUNY/Buffalo
   Stanford
   UC/Berkeley
   UC/San Diego
   Univ. of Birmingham England (School of Computer Science)
   Univ. of Colorado/Boulder
   Univ. of Edinburgh
   Univ. of Minnesota
   Univ. of Pennsylvania
   Univ. of Rochester
   Univ. of Sussex, School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences

Computational Biology:
   Carnegie Mellon University
   Johns Hopkins University
   Rutgers
   UC/Berkeley
   Univ. of Birmingham England (School of Computer Science)
   Univ. of Pennsylvania
   Univ. of Wisconsin/Madison

Computer Vision: See Machine Vision

Connectionism/Neural Networks:
   Boston University, Cognitive and Neural Systems Department (ART networks)
   Brown University
   CalTech 
   Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) 
   Helsinki University of Technology, Finland
   Indiana
   Johns Hopkins University
   MIT 
   Ohio State Univ.
   Stanford 
   Syracuse University
   Texas A&M
   Toronto
   UC/Berkeley
   UC/Irvine
   UC/San Diego
   UCLA
   UNC/Chapel Hill
   Univ. of Birmingham England (School of Computer Science)
   Univ. of Colorado/Boulder
   Univ. of Edinburgh
   Univ. of Maryland/College Park
   Univ. of Massachusetts/Amherst
   Univ. of Pennsylvania
   Univ. of Southern California & USC/Information Sciences Institute
   Univ. of Sussex, School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences
   Univ. of Wisconsin

Decision Theory and AI:
   Berkeley
   MIT
   Stanford
   Univ. of Michigan
   Univ. of Washington

Distributed AI:
   Georgia Institute Of Technology
   MIT
   Nova Southeastern University
   Stanford University
   Univ. of Maryland
   Univ. of Massachusetts/Amherst
   Univ. of Michigan

Emotion:
   Carnegie Mellon University
   Institute for the Learning Sciences, Northwestern University (ILS) 
   Univ. of Birmingham England (School of Computer Science)

Fuzzy Logic:
   Berkeley
   Univ. of Birmingham England (School of Computer Science)

Genetic Algorithms:
   George Mason Univ.
   Indiana
   Stanford (Koza)
   UC San Diego
   UCLA
   Univ. of Birmingham England (School of Computer Science)
   Univ. of Illinois/Urbana-Champaign (UIUC)
   Univ. of Michigan
   Univ. of Sussex, School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences

Integrated AI Architectures/Software Agents:
   Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
   Stanford
   Univ. of Birmingham England (School of Computer Science)
   Univ. of Michigan
   Univ. of Sussex, School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences

Intelligent Tutoring, AI & Education:
   Carnegie Mellon University (Cognitive Science Department)
   Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT)
   Institute for the Learning Sciences, Northwestern University (ILS) 
   Univ. of Birmingham England (School of Computer Science)
   Univ. of Pittsburgh
   Univ. of Sussex, School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences

Knowledge Representation:
   Institute for the Learning Sciences, Northwestern University (ILS) 
   Stanford
   SUNY/Buffalo
   Univ. of Birmingham England (School of Computer Science)
   Univ. of Maryland/College Park
   Univ. of Oregon

Logic Programming and Logic-based AI:
   Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
   Imperial College
   Stanford
   UCLA
   Univ. of Edinburgh
   Univ. of Maryland/College Park
   Univ. of Melbourne
   Univ. of Illinois/Urbana-Champaign (UIUC)
   Univ. of Oregon
   Univ. of Pennsylvania

Machine Discovery:
   Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
   Univ. of Birmingham England (School of Computer Science)

Machine Learning:
   Brown University
   Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
   George Mason
   Georgia Tech
   Johns Hopkins University
   MIT
   UCI
   Univ. of Massachusetts/Amherst
   Univ. of Michigan
   Univ. of Southern California & USC/Information Sciences Institute
   Univ. of Texas/Austin
   Univ. of Wisconsin

Machine Vision:
   Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
   Columbia
   Johns Hopkins  
   MIT
   Oxford
   SUNY/Buffalo
   UCLA
   UNC/Chapel Hill
   Univ. of Birmingham England (School of Computer Science)
   Univ. of Edinburgh
   Univ. of Maryland/College Park
   Univ. of Massachusetts/Amherst
   Univ. of Rochester
   Univ. of Southern California & USC/Information Sciences Institute
   Univ. of Sussex, School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences
   Univ. of Wisconsin

Natural Language Processing (NLU, NLG, Parsing, NLI, Speech):
   Brown
   Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
   Columbia
   Georgia Tech
   Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT)
   Institute for the Learning Sciences, Northwestern University (ILS) 
   ISI
   Indiana
   Johns Hopkins University
   MIT
   Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Engineering
   Penn
   Rutgers
   Stanford
   SUNY/Buffalo
   Toronto
   UCLA
   Univ. of Birmingham England (School of Computer Science)
   Univ. of Edinburgh 
   Univ. of Maryland/College Park
   Univ. of Massachusetts/Amherst
   Univ. of Pittsburgh
   Univ. of Rochester
   Univ. of Southern California & USC/Information Sciences Institute
   Univ. of Sussex, School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences
   Waterloo (stylistics, MT, discourse)

Nonmonotonic Reasoning:
   Imperial College
   Stanford
   UCLA
   Univ. of Birmingham England (School of Computer Science)
   Univ. of Maryland/College Park
   Univ. of Oregon
   Toronto

Philosophy of AI:
   Berkeley
   MIT
   SUNY Buffalo
   Univ. of Birmingham England (School of Computer Science)
   Univ. of Maryland/College Park
   Univ. of Sussex, School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences

Planning:
   Brown University
   Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
   Imperial College
   MIT
   Stanford
   SUNY Buffalo
   Univ. of Birmingham England (School of Computer Science)
   Univ. of Maryland/College Park
   Univ. of Massachusetts/Amherst
   Univ. of Oregon
   Univ. of Pittsburgh
   Univ. of Rochester
   Univ. of Washington/Seattle
   Waterloo 

Production Systems/Expert Systems:
   Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
   Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT)
   Stanford
   Univ. of Birmingham England (School of Computer Science)

Qualitative Physics and Model Based Reasoning:
   Northwestern ILS (Forbus)
   Univ. of Oregon
   Univ. of Texas/Austin
   Univ. of Washington

Reasoning Under Uncertainty (Probabilistic Reasoning, Approximate
Reasoning, etc.): 
   Brown University
   George Mason
   Oregon State University
   Stanford
   UCLA
   Univ. of Maryland/College Park
   Univ. of Rochester
   University of South Carolina

Robotics:
   Bristol Polytechnic, UK
   Brown 
   California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
   Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
   Georgia Tech
   Harvard
   Hull University, UK
   Johns Hopkins University
   MIT
   Naval Postgraduate School
   New York University (NYU) Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences
   North Carolina State Univerisity/Raleigh (NCSU)
   Oxford
   Purdue
   Reading University, UK
   Rennsalear Polytechnic Institute (RPI)
   Salford University, UK
   Stanford
   Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
   UC/Berkeley
   Univ. of Alberta
   Univ. of Edinburgh
   Univ. of Kansas
   Univ. of Kentucky
   Univ. of Maryland/College Park
   Univ. of Massachusetts/Amherst
   Univ. of Michigan
   Univ. of Paris INRIA
   Univ. of Pennsylvania
   Univ. of Southern California & USC/Information Sciences Institute
   Univ. of Utah
   Univ. of Wisconsin
   Yale 

Search:
   UCLA
   Univ. of Maryland/College Park
   Univ. of Oregon

Temporal Reasoning:
   Imperial College

Virtual Reality:
   Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
   Cal Arts
   Columbia
   Florida Institute of Technology
   MIT Media Lab
   Naval Postgraduate School
   Naval Research Lab
   RPI
   Stanford
   Syracuse
   Toronto
   UIUC
   UNC/Chapel Hill
   Univ. of Alberta, Banff
   Univ. of Birmingham England (School of Computer Science)
   Univ. of Central Florida
   Univ. of Geneva
   Univ. of North Carolina/Chapel Hill (UNC)
   Univ. of Tokyo
   Univ. of Virginia (UVA)
   Univ. of Washington/Seattle -- HIT Lab

Vision: See Machine Vision